History

Nationalism in India As you have seen, modern nationalism in Europe came to be associated with the formation of nation-states. It also meant a change in people’s understanding of who they were and what defined their identity and sense of belonging. New symbols and icons, new songs and ideas forged new links and redefined the … Read more

After the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the company became a political power. India was under the rule of the East India Company until 1858, when it came under the direct administration of the British Crown. Robert Clive was the first Governor of Fort William under the Company’s … Read more

1. AGRICULTURE & LAND REVENUE Key Systems Revenue Terms 2. TRADE & COMMERCE Domestic Trade International Trade European Factories 3. URBANISATION & INDUSTRIES 4. COINAGE SYSTEM 5. SOCIAL HIERARCHY Classes Merchant Groups 6. WOMEN & SOCIAL ISSUES 7. RELIGIOUS GROUPS 8. CULTURAL LIFE 9. DECLINE FACTORS

1. Religious Policies of Key Mughal Rulers Akbar (1556–1605) – Liberal Policies Jahangir (1605–1627) – Moderate Approach Shah Jahan (1628–1658) – Orthodox Shift Aurangzeb (1658–1707) – Orthodox Extremes 2. Key Religious Terms & Institutions 3. Interfaith Relations & Conflicts Hindu-Muslim Dynamics Christian Interactions 4. Cultural Syncretism 5. Impact of Policies Ruler Policy Outcome Akbar Sulh-i-Kul … Read more

1. Central Administration 2. Provincial Administration 3. Revenue System 4. Military & Mansabdari System 5. Judicial System 6. Key Policies 7. Important Documents Why Important for UPSC?

1. Dynasties of the Vijayanagar Empire 2. Key Rulers 3. Significant Battles & Events 4. Administration & Governance 5. Economy & Society 6. Art, Architecture & Culture Architecture (Vijayanagara Style) Literature & Patronage 7. Foreign Travelers & Their Accounts Traveler Nationality Ruler Key Observations Nicolo Conti Italian Deva Raya I Wealth, irrigation Abdur Razzaq Persian … Read more

Indus Valley Civilization Major Cities Harappa Mohenjo-daro Lothal Kalibangan Features Urban Planning Drainage System Granaries Citadel and Lower Town Art & Culture Terracotta Figurines Seals Dancing Girl Statue Bead Making Economy Agriculture Trade (Internal & External) Cotton Cultivation Dockyard at Lothal Decline Climate Change Floods Decline in Trade Possible Aryan Invasion Indus Valley Civilization: Major … Read more