Tnpsc and Upsc Notes Pdf
tnpsc history
At the beginning of the eighteenth century, political, religious, social and economic conditions began to change all over the world, due to geographical discoveries, the Renaissance, the Reformation and “the age of kings”. By the time the eighteenth century ended, there were two revolutions: The American Revolution of 1775–83 and the French Revolution of 1789–95. … Read more
When India became independent in 1947,the economy of the country was very fragile andfacing many problems. The level of poverty wasvery high. Nearly 80% of the population wasliving in rural areas, depending on agriculturefor their livelihood. As the craft-basedoccupations had suffered during British rule,many skilled artisans had lost their livelihood.As a result, agriculture was overcrowded, … Read more
World War II (1939–1945) was foughtbetween the Allied and the Axis powers. Britain,France and Russia formed the allied camp;the United States joined it later in 1941 afterthe attack on Pearl Harbour. Germany, Italyand Japan were the Axis powers. Despite theideological differences amongst Allies, it wasGermany’s fascist and war-mongering attitudethat compelled them to work together. UnitedStates … Read more
The international order that emerged after the First World War, based on the concept of collective security, collapsed. In September 1939 Europe plunged into a terrible war again. The war of 1939–45 was much more of a world war than that of even 1914–18. This was partly because of the part played by Japan. In … Read more
Three great events of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries – the Renaissance, the geographical discoveries and the Reformation – mark a transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern. The essence of the Renaissance was the centrality given to the human and the natural, with religion relegated to a subordinate place. The Renaissance had a … Read more
Europe in the nineteenth century was influenced by the developments in France. Klemens von Metternich, the Chancellor of Austria-Hungary, who formed a ‘Holy Alliance’ between the monarchies of Austria, Russia, Prussia and France to suppress democratic and nationalistic trends in Europe, famously said, “When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold.” France sneezed not once, but … Read more
Nationalism in India As you have seen, modern nationalism in Europe came to be associated with the formation of nation-states. It also meant a change in people’s understanding of who they were and what defined their identity and sense of belonging. New symbols and icons, new songs and ideas forged new links and redefined the … Read more
After the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the company became a political power. India was under the rule of the East India Company until 1858, when it came under the direct administration of the British Crown. Robert Clive was the first Governor of Fort William under the Company’s … Read more
1. AGRICULTURE & LAND REVENUE Key Systems Revenue Terms 2. TRADE & COMMERCE Domestic Trade International Trade European Factories 3. URBANISATION & INDUSTRIES 4. COINAGE SYSTEM 5. SOCIAL HIERARCHY Classes Merchant Groups 6. WOMEN & SOCIAL ISSUES 7. RELIGIOUS GROUPS 8. CULTURAL LIFE 9. DECLINE FACTORS
1. Religious Policies of Key Mughal Rulers Akbar (1556–1605) – Liberal Policies Jahangir (1605–1627) – Moderate Approach Shah Jahan (1628–1658) – Orthodox Shift Aurangzeb (1658–1707) – Orthodox Extremes 2. Key Religious Terms & Institutions 3. Interfaith Relations & Conflicts Hindu-Muslim Dynamics Christian Interactions 4. Cultural Syncretism 5. Impact of Policies Ruler Policy Outcome Akbar Sulh-i-Kul … Read more