Laugh and be merry, remember, better the world with a song, Better the world with a blow in the teeth of a wrong. Laugh, for the time is brief, a thread the length of a span. Laugh and be proud to belong to the old proud pageant of man. -4
Laugh and be merry: remember, in olden time. God made Heaven and Earth for joy He took in a rhyme, Made them, and filled them full with the strong red wine of His mirth The splendid joy of the stars: the joy of the earth. -8
So we must laugh and drink from the deep blue cup of the sky, Join the jubilant song of the great stars sweeping by, Laugh, and battle, and work, and drink of the wine outpoured In the dear green earth, the sign of the joy of the Lord. -12
Laugh and be merry together, like brothers akin, Guesting awhile in the rooms of a beautiful inn, Glad till the dancing stops, and the lilt of the music ends. Laugh till the game is played; and be you merry, my friends. – 16
What kind of poem Laugh and be merry is?
‘Laugh And Be Merry is a highly optimistic poem written by John Masefield. This poem makes a passionate plea to enjoy life to the maximum.
John Masefield says that sufferings are a part of our life, but we can overcome them with a smile on our faces. The Poet says that laughing and being merry is the motto of our life.
What is the meaning of Laugh and be merry?
In this poem, the poet wants us to be cheerful and enjoy our life to the fullest. He also reminds us that we are like temporary guest who stays in a beautiful inn for a while.
What allusions are used in the poem Laugh and be merry?
The allusions are made to the Bible or religion as a whole. That is, how we should live our lives in spite of our imminent deaths–is based around Masefield’s religious beliefs as a Christian, as the allusions indicate.
What according to Masefield is the best way to live in the poem?
The poet suggests that we should have a positive attitude in life. Life is short so we must enjoy the fruits of happiness. Every moment of our life should be enjoyed and cheered. God created the moon and the stars for the pleasure of human beings.
Why according to the poet John Masefield has God created man?
The Almighty has created man to laugh and be merry. One has to laugh and make other people laugh. God made the earth and sky for us to get inspiration from the green earth and the great stars.
How does the poet refer to humanity’s laughing and being merry?
The poet compares the world with an inn where all human beings are temporary guests. We should enjoy life till it comes to an end and till the music of life ends. Laugh and be merry for the world is a much better place with a happy song and to live in a world that is ready to blow in the teeth of a wrong.
The poet compares the world with an inn where all human beings are temporary guests. We should enjoy life till it comes to an end and till the music of life ends.
What is the figure of speech used in lines 7,9,14?
Made them, and filled them full with the strong red wine of His mirth -7
So we must laugh and drink from the deep blue cup of the sky, -9
Guesting awhile in the rooms of a beautiful inn, -14
The figure of speech used in the above line is Metaphor.
Figures of speech in second and fourth Stanzas?
Assonance. In the second stanza, it (olden, of) and in the fourth stanza it is (akin, awhile), (in, inn, is).
What is the Rhyme scheme of the poem?
Laugh and be merry, remember, better the world with a song, -A Better the world with a blow in the teeth of a wrong. -A Laugh, for the time is brief, a thread the length of a span. -B Laugh and be proud to belong to the old proud pageant of man -B
The last words of the first and second line have a similar rhyming word, (Song, Wrong) and the third and fourth line has (span, man). This pattern is similar for all the stanzas.
So the rhyming pattern of this poem is AABB.
Mention the alliteration in the 3rd line?
Laugh and Length.
What is the rhyming word in the 15th and 16th lines?
Glad till the dancing stops, and the lilt of the music ends. Laugh till the game is played; and be you merry, my friends.
The rhyming words are (end, friends).
Appreciation Question
Laugh and be merry, remember, better the world with a song, Better the world with a blow in the teeth of a wrong.
What should one do?
One should Laugh and be merry.
How would one better the world? What should we remember? How?
As per the above lines, the answer is, one would better the world with a song.
How should we live out?
We should live our life happily.
2. Laugh, for the time is brief, a thread the length of a span. Laugh and be proud to belong to the old proud pageant of man
This article is written for Tnpsc Group-4 for the topic “Solar System”. The notes are referred from Samacheer Kalvi, Class-6 Social Science, Geography – Chapter name “The Universe and Solar System”.
Inter-State river linkages is a hot topic in India for several years, especially in the Southern States of the Indian Union. A large number of rivers in South India are non-perennial and water shortages are alarming offseason and in summer.
This topic is a hot topic across the world. The present situation in India is alarming as floods are wreaking havoc in the Northeast and Eastern India and drought is looming in large parts of the Indian Sub-Continent.
Also, many states in Indian Union oppose the inter-basin transfer of waters from the surplus to deficit basins.
The Indian State, Punjab gone one step further by passing a Bill terminating all the previous agreements and accords on river waters and thereby affecting water supply in the neighboring states.
The Punjab action has triggered protests and raised a core issue of national importance.
Conflict of interest is the normal state of affairs in a reality where the river flows physically link upstream and downstream users and uses.
The issues are complex and linkages are many. But instead of sorting out the differences, of late, water endowed States have been resorting to legal gimmickry while playing to the political galleries, in their bid to prevent the use of waters flowing through their territories by their water deficit neighbours.
Kerala has passed a Bill in this regard recently and Karnataka had issued an ordinance on the Cauvery waters some time back. In all these cases, reference has been made to the sovereign rights of the States as enshrined in the Constitution.
If other water surplus States take the cue from these instances and act arbitrarily, the consequences of such developments in terms of India’s unity and integrity would be disastrous.
Hence the demand has been gaining momentum in the last few years for the Central government to transfer the subject of “Water” from the “State List” to the “Union List” or “Concurrent List” to arrest the further deterioration in water-related issues.
In the Constitution, “Water, that is to say, water supplies, irrigation and canals, drainage and embankments, water storage and water power,” is a matter contained in Entry 17, List II (State List).
Hence the State legislatures have full powers to legislate under this provision on all water-related matters including their regulation and development. However, this Entry is subject to the provision of Entry 56, List I (Union List) which authorises Parliament to enact laws for the regulation and development of interstate rivers and river valleys Entry 56 under Union List reads as under:
Regulation and development of interstate rivers and river valleys to the extent to which such regulation and development under the control of the Union are declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest.
In the past, the Centre had enacted overriding laws using constitutional powers on many subjects such as industry and business, which are included in the State List.
However, at present any constitutional amendment particularly in the emotive issue of water does not seem possible. Another view that has gained currency is that without any constitutional amendment, the Centre can deal with interstate rivers by empowering itself under the available provisions (Entry 56, List I).
Against the above background, any change in the scheme of the Constitution has to be ruled out and instead the Centre has to pass laws to deal with interstate rivers more effectively as they contribute more than 85 per cent of the water resources of the country.
The National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development Plan had also recommended such an approach (September 1999).
Consultative Mechanism: Apart from enacting laws to empower itself for the control and regulation of interstate rivers, there is also a need for the Centre to set up CentreState consultative mechanisms for effectively sorting out water-related concerns.
The purpose is to secure a proper tie between problems and their main causes on the one hand and technology and governance perspectives of the problem- solving on the other.
Further, a National Water Authority (NWA) as an apex body to concern itself with the development and management of interstate rivers supported by a River Basin Organisation for each interstate river needs to be set up on similar lines as in Australia and France.
The River Boards Act (1956) has to be suitably amended to create these institutions.
It must be remembered that the development of effective solutions to water problems depends more on governance.
Hence it is essential for the Centre to empower itself to take over the interstate rivers for providing better regulation and management of the water resources available in the country and put a stop to the fissiparous tendencies recently demonstrated.
The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.
Examples
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. (pppppp)
Occurance of ‘P’
A good cook could cook as many cookies as a good cook who could cook cookies.
Occurance of ‘C’
Allusion
An expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.
Example
His smile is like kryptonite to me.
She felt like she had a golden ticket
Simile
It is a figure of speech that involves the comparison of one thing with another.
Example:
As brave as Tiger,
As Goods as Buddha.
His explanation is as clear as Water etc.
Metaphor
It is a figure of speech in which a phrase or a word denotes a type of object or action in a way that is not literally true. But it helps in comparison.
It can be also said that as a common poetic device where an object or subject of the poem is described to unrelated object.
Example:
Man of Steel
Heart of Gold
The world is a stage
Life is a jig saw puzzle.
Personification
It is an attribution of giving human characteristics to non-human things.
Example:
My alarm clock yells at me to get out of bed every morning.
Lightning danced across the sky.
The wind howled in the night
The leaves waved in the wind
The ocean heaved a sigh
The Sun smiled at us
Oxymoron
It is a figure of speech that is apparently contradictory.
Example:
Seriously Funny
Original Iphone copy
Plastic Glasses
Onomatopoeia
It is a language that names something by imitating the sound associated with it.
Example:
Tik Tok Clock
Boom Crackers
Splat
Bang
Haha
Anaphora
Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses.
Example
“Tired with all these, for restful death I cry, As to behold desert a beggar born, And needy nothing trimm’d in jollity, And purest faith unhappily forsworn, And gilded honour shamefully misplac’d, And maiden virtue rudely strumpeted, And right perfection wrongfully disgrac’d, And strength by limping sway disabled And art made tongue-tied by authority, And folly – doctor-like – controlling skill, And simple truth miscall’d simplicity, And captive good attending captain ill” Sonnet 66 by William Shakespeare.
Ellipsis
“The omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are superfluous or able to be understood from contextual clues“. -Oxford Dictionary
An ellipsis is a punctuation mark that consists of three dots with a space before, after, and between them.
Example:
“ After college, I went to his house, which was a few streets away, and then came home.”
Rhyme Scheme
A rhyming scheme is the pattern of rhymes at the end of each line of a poem or song. It is usually referred to by using letters to indicate which lines rhyme; lines designated with the same letter all rhyme with each other.
Example:
Bid me to weep, and I will weep
A
While I have eyes to see
B
And having none, yet I will keep
A
A heart to weep for thee
B
In the above poem, the last word of the First and last word of the 3rd line has a similar sound. So can be considered A(Rhyme scheme). Then the last word of the second line and the last word of the fourth line sound similar, so can be taken as B(Rhyme Scheme).
The overall Rhyme scheme of this poem is “ABAB“
Rhyming Words
A rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds in the final stressed syllables and any following syllables of two or more words.
Conversion of information to data-Collection, compilation and presentation of data – Tables, graphs, diagrams -Analytical interpretation of data – Simplification-Percentage-Highest Common Factor (HCF)-Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)-Ratio and Proportion-Simple interest-Compound interest- Area-Volume-Time and Work.
SYLLABUS – GENERAL ENGLISH S.S.L.C. Standard (Objective Type)
PART A Grammar
1. Match the following words and Phrases given in Column A with their meanings in Column B. 2. Choose the correct ‘Synonyms’ for the underlined word from the options given 3. Choose the correct ‘Antonyms’ for the underlined word from the options given 4. Select the correct word (Prefix, Suffix) 5. Fill in the blanks with suitable Article 6. Fill in the blanks with suitable Preposition 7. Select the correct Question Tag 8. Select the correct Tense 9. Select the correct Voice 10. Fill in the blanks (Infinitive, Gerund, Participle) 11. Identify the sentence pattern of the following sentence (Subject, Verb, Object….) Blanks with correct ‘Homophones’ 12. Find out the Error (Articles, Prepositions, Noun, Verb, Adjective and Adverb) 13. Comprehension 14. Select the correct sentence 15. Find out the odd words (Verb, Noun, Adjective and Adverb) 16. Select the correct Plural forms 17. Identify the sentence (Simple, Compound, Complex Sentences) 18. Identify the correct Degree. 19. Form a new word by blending the words. 20. Form compound words (Eg: Noun+Verb, Gerund+Noun)
Part-B Literature
1. Figures of speech observed in the following Poems:
A Psalm of Life – Women’s Rights – The Nation United – English words – Snake – The Man He Killed – Off to outer space tomorrow morning – Sonnet No.116 – The Solitary Reaper – Be the Best – O Captain My Captain – Laugh and Be Merry – Earth – Don’t quit – The Apology – Be Glad your Nose is on your face – A sonnet for my Incomparable Mother – The Flying Wonder – To a Millionaire – The Piano – Manliness – Going for water – The cry of the Children – Migrant Bird – Shilpi.
3. Important lines from Poems. Where the mind is without fear – The Solitary Reaper – Going for water – A Psalm of Life – Be the Best – Sonnet No.116
4. Questions on the Biography of
Mahatma Gandhi – Jawaharlal Nehru – Subash Chandra Bose – Helen Keller Kalpana Chawala – Dr.Salim Ali – Rani of Jhansi – Nelson Mandela – Abraham Lincoln
5. Questions on Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice (Act IV Court Scene) – Julius Ceasar (Act III Scene 2) – Sonnet 116
6. Questions from Oscar Wilde’s The Model Millionaire – The Selfish Giant 7. Dr.Karl Paulnack Music-The Hope Raiser
8. Comprehension Questions from the following Motivational Essays: Gopala Krishna Gokhale’s Speech on 25th July in Mumbai in response to The address presented to him by students- Dale Carnegie’s ‘The Road to success- Dr.APJ Abdul Kalam’s ‘Vision for the Nation’(from ‘India2020’) – Ruskin Bond’s ‘Our Local Team’ – Hope Spencer’s ‘Keep your spirits high’ – Deepa Agarwal’s ‘After the storm’ – Brian patten’s ‘You can’t be that no you can’t be that’
9. Comprehension Questions from the following description of Places Ahtushi Deshpande’s ‘To the land of snow’ – Manohar Devadoss – Yaanai Malai – Brihadeesvarar Temple
10. British English – American English
Part-C Authors and their Literary Works
1. Match the Poems with the Poets A psalm of Life – Be the Best – The cry of the children – The Piano – Manliness Going for water – Earth -The Apology – Be Glad your Nose is on your face – The Flying Wonder -Is Life But a Dream – Be the Best – O captain My Captain – Snake – Punishment in Kindergarten -Where the Mind is Without fear – The Man He Killed – Nine Gold Medals.
2. Which Nationality the story belongs to?
The selfish Giant – The Lottery Ticket – The Last Leaf – How the Camel got its Hump – Two Friends – Refugee – The Open Window.
3. Identify the Author with the short story
The selfish Giant – The Lottery Ticket – The Last Leaf – How the Camel got its Hump – Two Friends – Refugee – The Open Window – A Man who Had no Eyes – The Tears of the Desert – Sam The Piano – The face of Judas Iscariot – Swept Away – A close encounter – Caught Sneezing – The Wooden Bowl – Swami and the sum.
4. Whose Auto biography / Biography is this?
5. Which Nationality the Poet belongs to?
Robert Frost – Archibald Lampman – D.H. Lawrence – Rudyard Kipling Kamala Das – Elizabeth Barrett Browning – Famida Y. Basheer – Thomas Hardy – Khalil Gibran – Edgar A. Guest – Ralph Waldo Emerson – Jack Prelutsky – F. Joanna – Stephen Vincent Benet – William Shakespeare – William Wordsworth – H.W. Long Fellow – Annie Louisa walker – Walt Whitman – V.K. Gokak.
6. Characters, Quotes, Important Lines from the following works of Indian Authors: Sahitya Akademi Award winner: Thakazhi Sivasankaran Pillai – ‘Farmer’ Kamala Das – 1. Punishment in Kindergarten 2. My Grandmother’s House R.K. Narayan – Swami and the sum – Rabindranath Tagore – Where the mind is without fear – Dhan Gopal Mukherji – Kari, The Elephant – Deepa Agarwal – After the Storm – Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam – Vision for the Nation Indra Anantha Krishna- The Neem Tree – Lakshmi Mukuntan- The Ant Eater and the Dassie – Dr. Neeraja Raghavan – The Sun Beam.
7. Drama Famous lines, characters, quotes from Julius Caesar – The Merchant of Venice
8. Match the Places, Poet, Dramatist, Painter with suitable option
9. Match the following Folk Arts with the Indian State / Country
10. Match the Author with the Relevant Title/Character 11. Match the Characters with Relevant Story Title
The Selfish Giant – How the camel got its hump – The Lottery ticket – The Last Leaf – Two friends – Refugee – Open window – Reflowering – The Necklace Holiday.
12. About the Poets
Rabindranath Tagore – Henry Wordsworth Longfellow – Anne Louisa Walker -V K Gokak – Walt Whitman – Douglas Malloch.
13. About the Dramatists William Shakespeare – Thomas Hardy
14. Mention the Poem in which these lines occur Granny, Granny, please comb My Hair – With a friend – To cook and Eat – To India – My Native Land – A tiger in the Zoo – No men are foreign – Laugh and be Merry – The Apology – The Flying Wonder.
15. Various works of the following Authors –
Rabindranath Tagore – Shakespeare – William Wordsworth – H.W. Longfellow – Anne Louisa Walker – Oscar Wilde – Pearl S. Buck.
16. What is the theme observed in the Literary works?
Snake – The Mark of Vishnu – Greedy Govind – Our Local Team – Where the mind is without fear – Keep your spirits high – Be the best – Bat – The Piano – The Model Millionaire – The Cry of the Children – Migrant bird – Shilpi.
17. Famous Quotes – Who said this?
18. To Which period the Poets belong William Shakespeare – Walt Whitman – William Wordsworth – H.W. Longfellow Annie Louisa Walker – D.H. Lawrence.
19. Matching the Poets and Poems Discovery – Biking – Inclusion – Granny, Granny, please comb My Hair – With a Friend – To cook and Eat – Bat – To India – My Native Land – A tiger in the Zoo – No men are foreign – Laugh and be Merry – Earth – The Apology – The Flying Wonder – Off to outer space tomorrow morning – Be the best – Is life, but a dream – Women’s rights – The Nation united – English words – Snake – The man he killed.
20. Nature centered Literary works and Global issue Environment and Conservation Flying with moon on their wings – Migrant bird – Will Thirst Become -Unquenchable? – Going for Water – Swept away – Gaia tells her.
Koeppen recognized five major climatic groups, four of which are based on temperature and one on precipitation.
A (tropical)
B (dry)
C (temperate)
D (continental)
E (polar)
Koeppen’s Climate classification India By Beck, H.E., Zimmermann, N. E., McVicar, T. R., Vergopolan, N., Berg, A., & Wood, E. F. – “Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution”. Nature Scientific Data. DOI:10.1038/sdata.2018.214., CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=74674086
Koeppen’s classification of climate developed by V.Koeppen. This classification identified a close relationship between the climate and the distribution of vegetation. V.Koeppen selected some values of temperature, precipitation and related them to the distribution of vegetation, and used these values for classifying the climates.
This classification is an empirical classification that is based on mean annual, mean data of temperature, and precipitation data. In this classification, Koeppen introduced the use of capital and small letters to designate climatic types and groups.
Koeppen’s classification is modified over time after it is introduced in 1918. This classification is still in use and it is the most popular one. By this classification, there are 5 Major Climatic groups. Out of these five, four of them are temperature and one is precipitation based.
Group
Characteristics
A – Tropical
The average temperature of the coldest month is 18° C or higher
B – Dry Climate
Potential evaporation exceeds precipitation
C – Warm Temperate
The average temperature of the coldest month of the Mid-latitude climates years is higher than minus 3°C but below 18°C
D – Cold Snow Forest Climates
The average temperature of the coldest month is minus 3°C or below 18°C
E – Cold Climates
The average temperature of all months is below 10°C
H – High Land
Cold due to elevation
The capital letters: A, C, D, and E delineate humid climates and B is a dry climate. The climatic groups are further subdivided into types. The types are designated by small letters. The types are based on the seasonality of temperature characteristics and precipitation.
The seasons of dryness are designated by small letters such as f, m, w, and s. Where
f – No Dry Season
m – monsoon climate
w – winter dry season
s – summer dry season
The small letters a, b, c, and d refer to the degree of severity of temperature. The B-Dry Climates are then subdivided using the capital letters S for Stepple or Semi-Arid and W for deserts. The distribution of climatic groups is shown below:
A – Tropical Humid
Tropical Wet (Af) – No dry season
Tropical Monsoon (Am) – Monsoonal, short dry season
Tropical Wet and dry (Aw) – Winter dry season
B – Dry Climate
Subtropical steppe (BSh) – Low Lattitude semi arid or dry
Subtropical dessert (BWh) – Low-Lattitude arid or dry
Mid-lattitude steppe (BSk) – Mid-Lattitude semi arid or dry
Mid-lattitude dessert (BWk) – Mid-Lattitude arid or dry
C-Warm Temperate (Mid-Lattitude) Climates
Humid subtropical (Cfa) – No dry season, warm summer
Mediterranean (Cs) – Dry Hot summer
Marine West Coast (Cfb) – No dry season, warm and cool summer
D-Cold Snow-Forest Climates
Humid Continental(Df) – No dry season, severe winter
Subarctic(Dw) – Winter dry and very severe
E-Cold Climates
Tundra (ET) – No true summer
Polar Ice Cap (EF) – Perennial Ice
H-Highland
Highland (H) – Highland with snow cover
Group A: Tropical Humid Climates
This climate exists between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. In Tropical humid climates, the sun is overhead throughout the year and there is the presence of Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).
This makes the climate hot and humid. Also, in this region, the annual range of temperature is very low, and annual rainfall is high. The tropical group is divided into three types name:
Af – Tropical wet Climate
Am – Tropical Monsoon Climate
Aw – Tropical Wet and dry Climate
Af – Tropical Wet Climate
This climate is found in regions near the equator. Ex: Amazon Basin in South America, Western Equatorial Africa, and the islands of East Indies. These regions receive good rainfall every month of the year. Also, there are thundershowers in the afternoon.
The temperature is uniformly high and the annual range of temperature is negligible. The maximum temperature on any day is around 30°C while the minimum temperature is around 20°C.
This region is characterized by tropical evergreen forest with dense canopy cover. Also, a huge variety of biodiversity is found in this climatic region.
Tropical Monsoon Climate (Am)
This climate is found over the Indian sub-continent. Some of the other regions having Tropical Monsoon Climate (Am) are the North-Eastern Part of South America and Northern Australia. In this region, heavy rainfall occurs mostly in summer and has dry winter.
Tropical Wet and Dry Climate (Aw)
This climate is found in the north and south of Af-type climate regions. This borders with a dry climate on the western part of the continent and Cf or Cw on the eastern part. Extensive Aw climate is found in the north and south of Amazon forest in Brazil and adjoining part of Bolivia and Paraguay in South America, Sudan, and south of Central Africa.
The annual rainfall in Aw climate is less than Af and Am climate types and is variable also. The wet season is shorter and the dry season is longer. Also, the drought is more severe. In this climatic zone, the temperature is high throughout the year and the diurnal range of temperature is the greatest in the dry season.
Deciduous forest and tree-shredded grasslands are found in this Aw climate.
Dry Climates: B
This climate is characterized by very low rainfall. As a result, this region does not receive adequate rainfall for the growth of plants. These climates cover a large area of the earth, that extends over the large latitudes from 15° – 60° north and south of the equator.
At the low latitudes from 15° – 30°, where is an area of subtropical high? Here the subsidence and inversion of temperature do produce any precipitation. The western margin of the continents, adjoining the cold current, particularly over the west coast of South America.
These climates extend more towards the equator and occur on the coastland. In middle latitudes, from 35° – 60° north and south of the equator. Also, this climate is confined to the interior of continents where there are maritime humid winds and do not reach.
Also found in the areas surrounded by mountains.
B(Dry Climate is divided into Steppe or Semi-Arid Climate (BS) and desert climate (BW). This climate is further subdivided as subtropical steppe (BSh) at latitudes from 15° – 35° and mid-latitude steppe (BSk) and mid-latitude desert (BWk) at latitudes between 35° – 60°.
Subtropical Steppe (BSh) and Subtropical Desert (BWh) Climates
Subtropical steppe (BSh) and subtropical desert (BWh) have common characteristics in precipitation and temperature. It is located in the transition zone between humid and dry climates, subtropical steppes get slightly more rainfall than the desert.
This rainfall is good enough for the growth of sparse grasslands. This rainfall in both climates is highly variable. This differential rainfall affects life in the steppe more than in the desert. This causes frequent famines.
In the desert, there are short intense thundershowers in deserts. These showers are ineffective in retaining soil moisture. The Summer experiences maximum temperature. Fog is common in coastal deserts bordering cold currents.
Al Aziziyah, recorded the highest shade temperature of 58° C. Also the annual and diurnal ranges of temperature are also high.
Warm Temperate (Mid-Latitude) Climates-C
This climate extends from 30° – 50° of latitude, particularly eastern and western margins of the continents. This climate has warm summers with mild winters. This climate is grouped into four types:
Humid Subtropical i.e Dry in Winter and Hot in Summer (Cwa)
Mediterranean (Cs)
Humid Subtropical i.e No dry season and mild winter (Cfa)
Marine West Coast Climate (Cfb)
Humid Subtropical Climate (Cwa)
This climate occurs poleward of Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn. It is mainly found in North Indian Plains and South China interior plains. This climate is the same as the Aw climate except for the temperature in winter is warm.
Mediterranean Climate (Cs)
Mediterranean climate found around Mediterranean sea. It is along the west coast of the continents in the subtropical latitudes between 30° – 40° latitudes. Example: Central California, Central Chile, along the coast in South Eastern and South Western Australia.
These regions are under the direct influence of a subtropical high in summer and also under the direct influence of westerly wind in winter. Here monthly average temperature in summer is around 25° C and in winter it is below 10°C.
And also the annual rainfall is between 35 to 90 cm.
Humid Subtropical (Cfa) Climate
This climate type exists in the eastern parts of the continent in subtropical latitudes. Here the air masses are usually unstable. As a result, it causes rainfall throughout the calendar year.
Example: Eastern US, South and Eastern China, Southern Japan, North-eastern Argentina, coastal South Africa, and east coast Australia.
In these regions, the annual rainfall ranges from 75-150 cm. Also here common things are thunderstorms in Summer and also frontal precipitation in winter. Here the mean monthly temperature in summer is around 27°C and in winter it varies from 5°-12° C.
The daily range of temperature is small.
Marine West Coast Climate (Cfb)
This climate is located poleward from the Mediterranean climate on the west coast of the continent. Example: North-Western Europe, West Coast of North America, North of California, Southern Chile, Southeastern Australia, and New Zealand.
Because of the influence of the sea, the temperature is moderate. In Winter, the temperature is warmer than for its latitude. The average temperature in the summer is between 15°-20° C. The average temperature in Winter is 4°-10°C.
Also, the annual and daily ranges of temperature are very little. Rainfall occurs throughout the year and it ranges 50-250 cm.
Cold Snow Forest Climates (D)
These climates are found in the large continental area in the northern hemisphere between 40°-70°. Example North Latitudes in Europe, Asia, and North America. This climate type is divided into two types:
Df – Cold Climate with humid winter
Dw – Cold Climate with Dry winter
Here the severity of winter is more in higher latitudes.
Cold Climate with Humid Winters (Df)
This occurs poleward of the marine west coast and mild latitude steppe. The winters in these areas are cold and snowy. And also frost-free season is very short.
Also, the annual temperature range is high. Here the weather changes are sudden, unexpected, and also short. The winters are more severe poleward.
Cold Climate with Dry Winters (Dw)
This climate occurs mostly in Northeastern Asia. The winters are anti-cyclone. Its weakens in summer sets in monsoon, reversal of wind in this region. In Polewards, the temperature in summer is low. In the winters, the temperature is extremely low.
Most locations experience, below freezing point temperature for almost seven months in a year. Precipitation occurs in the summer and the annual precipitation is very low and it is between 12-15 cm.
Polar Climates (E)
This climate exists poleward, which is beyond 70° latitude. Polar climates are of two types:
Tundra(ET)
Ice Cap (EF)
Tundra Climate (EF)
The ice cap climate (EF), is found over interior Greenland and Antarctica. The temperature is below freezing point even in the summer. Also, this area receives very precipitation.
The ice sheet breaks, because of the accumulation of snow and ice and the mounting pressure. These ice sheets move as icebergs, floats in the Arctic and Antarctic waters.
Tundra Climate (ET)
In this climate their different types of vegetation such as low-growing mosses, lichens, and flowering plants. This region has permafrost and the soil is frozen permanently. The climate has only a short growing season.
The water logging supports only low-growing plants. The tundra regions have a very long duration of daylight, during the summer.
Highland Climates (H)
This climate is found in high climates. Here are there occurs large changes in mean temperature that occur over short distances. The precipitation types and the intensity of precipitation vary spatially across the high lands.
Also, there is vertical zonation of layering of climatic types with elevation in the mountain.
Average annual solar radiation arriving at the top of the Earth’s atmosphere is roughly 1361 W/m2. The Sun’s rays are attenuated as they pass through the atmosphere, leaving maximum normal surface irradiance at approximately 1000 W/m2 at sea level on a clear day.
* * All the Notes in this blog, are referred from Tamil Nadu State Board Books and Samacheer Kalvi Books. Kindly check with the original Tamil Nadu state board books and Ncert Books.
