Category: Economy

Foreign Portfolio Investment

It is a grouping of assets such as bonds, stocks, and other cash equivalents. These investments are either held by investors directly or managed by financial professionals.

Also, it consists of securities and other financial assets passively held by foreign investors.

It is an investment made by a firm or individual in one country into business interests located in another country.

In terms of economics, it is funds entry into a nation where the foreigners deposit assets or money in a nation’s bank or purchase the stocks or bonds, etc.

These types of investments are made by individuals, companies, or even governments of other countries. FPI gives the individual, or companies or countries to diversify their investment portfolio and also gives them an international advantage.

For Foreign nations, FPI shows their nation’s capital account and is also good for their Balance of Payments (BoP).

FPI is very similar to the FDI (Foreign Direct Investment). But in FPI, the investor buys securities, bonds, stock, and other financial assets but does actively manage the investments or companies which issue them.

Simply, the investor does not have any control over the securities, stocks, or businesses. As an FPI is more liquid and comparatively has less risk over FDI.

The high liquidity nature of FPI makes it easier to sell and it also has a shorter time frame for its returns than the FDI.

Advantage of Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI)

Portfolio Diversification

This gives the investors a wide range to their investments.

International Credit

It provides the investor with a bigger credit base as the investor has access to credit in a foreign nation where they have an investment in large quantities.

Larger market Access

Investors can access the markets which are less competitive and benefit from high returns. For example, the USA has a large market and has more competition, whereas India has a bigger market and has less competition.

Exchange rate benefits

If the investor’s local currency has less value than the countries where they are investing, then they can be benefited more.

Foreign Portfolio Investment in India

The Foreign Portfolio Investment in India was permitted by notification FEMA 20/2000-RB dated May 3, 2000. This notification as amended from time to time. FPI is permitted in almost all sectors.

As per NSDL data, in 2021 FPI is so far made a net investment of Rs 7575 crore. The finance ministry notes that India’s foreign exchange reserves surged to a record of $633.56 billion as of August 27, 2021.

Examples of Foreign Portfolio Investment include stocks, bonds, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds, global depositary receipts, etc.

References

• https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_ViewMasterCirculars.aspx?Id=3630
• https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/foreign-portfolio-investors-make-net-investment-of-rs-7575-cr-in-sep-so-far-121091000406_1.html

Make in India is an initiative by the Government of India to make and encourage companies to manufacture in India and incentivize dedicated investments into manufacturing.

The policy approach was to create a conducive environment for investments, develop a modern and efficient infrastructure, and open up new sectors for foreign capital.

The initiative targeted 25 economic sectors for job creation and skill enhancement, and aimed “to transform India into a global design and manufacturing hub.”

“Make in India” had three stated objectives:

To increase the manufacturing sector’s growth rate to 12-14% per annum;

To create 100 million additional manufacturing jobs in the economy by 2022;

To ensure that the manufacturing sector’s contribution to GDP is increased to 25% by 2022 (later revised to 2025).

After the launch, India gave investment commitments worth ₹16.40 lakh crore (US$230 billion) and investment inquiries worth ₹1.5 lakh crore (US$21 billion) between September 2014 to February 2016.

As a result, India emerged as the top destination globally in 2015 for foreign direct.

Investment (FDI), surpassing the United States and China, with US$60.1 billion FDI.

As per the current policy, 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is permitted in all 100 sectors, except for the Space industry (74%), defense industry (49%), and Media of India (26%).

Japan and India had also announced a US$12 billion ‘Japan-India Make-in-India Special Finance Facility” fund to push investment.

In line with the Make in India, individual states too launched their own local initiatives, such as ‘Make in Odisha,’ ‘Tamil Nadu Global Investors Meet,’ ‘Vibrant Gujarat,’ ‘Happening Haryana’ and ‘Magnetic Maharashtra.’

India received US$60 billion FDI in FY 2016–17.

The World Bank’s 2019 Ease of Doing Business report acknowledges India’s jump of 23 positions against its rank of 100 in 2017 to be placed now at 63rd rank among 190 countries.

By the end of 2017, India had risen 42 places on the Ease of doing business index, 32 places World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Index, and 19 notches in the Logistics Performance Index, thanks to recent governmental initiatives, which include converges, synergies and enables other important Government of India schemes, such as Bharatmala, Sagarmala, Dedicated Freight Corridors, Industrial corridors, UDAN-RCS, Bharat Broadband Network, Digital India.

Make in India has not yet achieved its goals. The growth rate of manufacturing averaged 6.9% per annum between 2014-15 and 2019-20.

The share of manufacturing dropped from 16.3% of GDP in 2014-15 to 15.1% in 2019-20.

Ease of Doing Business

India jumped to 63rd place out of 190 countries in the world Banks’ 2019 Ease of Doing Business Index from 130th in 2016.

In February 2017, the government appointed the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the National Productivity Council “to sensitize actual users and get their feedback on various reform measures.”

As a result, now there is competition among the states of India to improve their current ranking on the ease of doing business index based on the completion percentage scores on a 98-point action plan for business reform under the Make in India initiative.

Currently, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Haryana, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal (44.35%) are the top six states (c. Feb 2018).

Ongoing global campaign

The campaign was designed by Wieden+Kennedy, with the launch of a web portal and release of brochures on the 25 sectors, after foreign equity caps, norms, and procedures in various sectors were relaxed, including the application of manufacturing application made available online and the validity of licenses was increased to three years.

“Zero Defect Zero Effect” slogan was coined by Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, as the essence of the Make in India initiative that manages advanced processes, materials, and technologies, to guide the production mechanism that produces products with no defects with no adverse environmental and ecological effects.

“Make in India Week” multi-sectoral industrial event at the MMRDA from 13 February 2016 was attended by 2500+ international and 8000+ domestic, foreign government delegations from 68 countries and business teams from 72 countries and all Indian states also held expos.

The event received over ₹15.2 lakh crore (US$210 billion) worth of investment commitments and investment inquiries worth ₹1.5 lakh crore (US$21 billion), where Maharashtra led with ₹8 lakh crore (US$110 billion) of investments.

 Previously between September 2014 and November 2015, the government received ₹1.20 lakh crore (US$17 billion) worth of proposals from companies interested in manufacturing electronics in India.

Sectors

• Aviations
• Automobiles
• Automobiles
• Biotechnology
• Chemicals
• Construction
• Defence
• Electronics
• Electrical Machinery
• Food Processing
• IT
• Leather
• Mining
• Oil and Gas
• Pharmaceuticals
• Port
• Railways
• Energy
• Space
• Textile
• Health care

Niti Aayog

Niti aayog full form

NITI Aayog stands for National Institution for Transforming India. It is a think tank of the Government of India, created to provide expertise and direction to the government on policy matters related to economic growth and social development.

It was established in 2015, replacing the Planning Commission of India, which had been in existence since 1950. NITI Aayog has a broader mandate than the Planning Commission, focusing not just on economic planning but also on social development, environmental sustainability, and technological advancement.

Composition of Niti aayog

The composition of NITI Aayog is diverse and designed to bring together expertise from various fields to contribute to India’s transformation. Here’s a breakdown:

Governing Council:

• Chairperson: The Prime Minister of India
• Members:
  • Chief Ministers of all states and Union Territories with legislatures
  • Lt. Governors of other Union Territories
  • Up to four Ex-Officio members from the Union Council of Ministers, nominated by the Prime Minister (currently Amit Shah, Rajnath Singh, Nirmala Sitaraman, and Narendra Singh Tomar)
  • Vice Chairman of NITI Aayog (currently Suman Bery)
  • Full-Time Members of NITI Aayog (varying number of experts appointed by the Prime Minister)
  • Special Invitees (Ministers relevant to specific initiatives) – currently Nitin Gadkari, Piyush Goyal, Virendra Kumar, Ashwini Vaishnaw, and Rao Inderjit Singh

Secretariat:

• Chief Executive Officer: Heads the day-to-day operations and leads a team of specialists in various areas
• Additional Secretaries/Senior Advisers/Senior Leads: Support the CEO and manage specific verticals within NITI Aayog

This structure ensures that NITI Aayog has:

• Political leadership: The Prime Minister and Chief Ministers guide the overall direction.
• Technical expertise: Full-time members and specialists provide in-depth knowledge on various subjects.
• State and Union Territory representation: Chief Ministers and Lt. Governors bring perspectives and concerns from different regions.
• Flexibility: Special Invitees can be brought in for specific projects or areas requiring focused attention.

This blend of leadership, expertise, and representation allows NITI Aayog to tackle complex challenges and develop comprehensive strategies for India’s development.

Niti aayog objectives

NITI Aayog, the National Institution for Transforming India, has a multifaceted mission aimed at propelling India’s progress. Here are its key objectives:

1. Foster sustainable economic growth:

• Drive economic development with a focus on inclusivity and poverty reduction.
• Catalyze strategic investments in infrastructure, innovation, and human capital.
• Promote efficient and effective use of resources.
• Cultivate a vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystem.

2. Enhance social development and well-being:

• Ensure equitable access to quality education, healthcare, and basic amenities.
• Empower women and marginalized communities.
• Bridge the digital divide and promote digital literacy.
• Foster environmental sustainability and climate resilience.

3. Strengthen federalism and cooperative federalism:

• Promote active participation of states and Union Territories in national development goals.
• Foster collaborative partnerships between centre and states for efficient policy implementation.
• Strengthen center-state relations and address regional concerns effectively.

4. Build a knowledge-driven economy:

• Leverage innovation and technology to address development challenges.
• Foster a culture of research and knowledge dissemination.
• Attract global talent and expertise.
• Promote evidence-based policymaking and data-driven decision-making.

5. Enhance global competitiveness and strategic partnerships:

• Project India’s soft power and cultural influence internationally.
• Forge strategic partnerships with other nations for mutual benefit.
• Attract foreign investments and promote India as a global trade hub.

Additional guiding principles:

• Pro-people: Prioritize the needs and aspirations of all citizens.
• Pro-active: Identify and address challenges before they escalate.
• Participatory: Encourage inclusivity and stakeholder engagement in policymaking.
• Empowering: Enable states and individuals to drive development.
• Inclusive: Ensure everyone benefits from India’s growth story.
• Equitable: Bridge social inequalities and promote fair opportunities for all.
• Transparent: Maintain open communication and accountability in all processes.

These objectives and principles underpin NITI Aayog’s efforts to transform India into a prosperous, equitable, and sustainable nation.

Functions of Niti Aayog

NITI Aayog’s functions are multifaceted and designed to tackle India’s complex development challenges. Here’s a breakdown of its key roles:

1. Strategic policy formulation:

• Develop and propose long-term and integrated national development strategies.
• Conduct in-depth research and analysis on critical issues like climate change, poverty, and education.
• Draft and review national policies across various sectors like agriculture, infrastructure, and healthcare.
• Monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of implemented policies.

2. Cooperative federalism:

• Foster collaboration and partnerships between the central government and states/UTs.
• Support states in formulating their development visions and strategies.
• Facilitate knowledge sharing and best practices among states.
• Resolve inter-state issues and disputes amicably.

3. Knowledge management and innovation:

• Serve as a national think tank, attracting and retaining top talent and expertise.
• Conduct cutting-edge research and analysis on emerging challenges and opportunities.
• Disseminate knowledge and policy recommendations through reports, publications, and conferences.
• Foster innovation and incubation of new ideas for development solutions.

4. Monitoring and evaluation:

• Establish a robust monitoring framework for tracking progress towards national goals and SDGs.
• Collect, analyze, and interpret data to assess the impact of policies and programs.
• Identify bottlenecks and suggest course corrections for improved efficiency and effectiveness.
• Strengthen data-driven decision-making across government agencies.

5. International collaboration and partnerships:

• Represent India in international forums and collaborate with other nations on global issues.
• Build strategic partnerships with international organizations and development agencies.
• Attract foreign investments and expertise to support India’s development goals.
• Showcase India’s best practices and learn from global experiences.

Additional functions:

• Act as a nodal agency for SDGs implementation in India.
• Manage several flagship programs like the Aspirational Districts Programme and Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation.
• Provide secretarial support to the Governing Council and its committees.

These functions demonstrate NITI Aayog’s proactive and collaborative approach to national development. It strives to be a catalyst for positive change, guiding India towards a sustainable and equitable future.

Conclusion

NITI Aayog represents a transformative shift in India’s approach to economic planning and development. As the successor to the Planning Commission, NITI Aayog embraces a more inclusive, bottom-up philosophy, encouraging the active participation of states and a diverse range of stakeholders. Its emphasis on cooperative federalism, flexibility in planning, and fostering innovation reflects a dynamic response to the evolving needs of a rapidly changing global landscape. By fostering a collaborative and adaptive framework,

Niti Aayog in News

2025

• GAME (Global Alliance for Mass Entrepreneurship) and NITI Aayog have formed a strategic partnership to strengthen entrepreneurship ecosystems across India. The collaboration aims to empower local entrepreneurs by engaging government, corporates, educational and financial institutions, and community organisations.
• The Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) hosted Mega Tinkering Day, bringing together students from all 35 States and Union Territories. AIM is a flagship initiative launched by NITI Aayog in 2016 to promote innovation and entrepreneurship across India.
• The ‘WE RISE’ (Women Entrepreneurs Reimagining Inclusive and Sustainable Enterprises) initiative was launched recently to strengthen women-led enterprises. “We raise” is a joint public-private partnership launched by NITI Aayog’s Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) and DP World. It aims to empower high-potential women-led Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) by supporting them to become export-ready and scale their businesses in global markets.
• CARBON CAPTURE USAGE STORAGE (CCUS) TECHNOLOGY – India has launched multiple initiatives to reach net-zero emissions by 2070, including a strong focus on developing and deploying Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS) technology. NITI Aayog released a “CCUS Policy Framework and Deployment Mechanism in India” report in 2022, which sparked discussions and outlined a roadmap for CCUS adoption. It proposes policy initiatives like viability gap funding, carbon pricing mechanisms, carbon trading, and production-linked incentives (PLI) to encourage commercial-scale deployment.
• NITI Aayog has launched AI for Viksit Bharat Roadmap and the NITI Frontier Tech Repository under its Frontier Tech Hub.
• The NITI Aayog, in collaboration with the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (MoDoNER) and with support from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), has released the second edition of the North Eastern Region (NER) District SDG Index 2023–24. The NER District SDG Index measures the progress of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) across districts in India’s eight North Eastern States.
• The Union Cabinet has approved the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY) to benefit 1.7 crore farmers across India. PMDDKY is an initiative to transform agriculture in 100 underperforming districts, with a special focus on improving agricultural productivity, sustainability, and farmer incomes. NITI Aayog will guide implementation, provide capacity-building support, and oversee monitoring.

Nationalisation of Banks

Nationalisation of banks means It is an act of taking a bank and its assets owned by the private sector into the public ownership of a national government by purchasing a majority stake that is more than 50% owned by the government.

Reason of Nationalisation of Banks

After the Independence, the Government took several plans on Planned economic development. As a result, Five Year plans came into existence in 1951.

The goal of economic planning is social welfare. The commercial bank was Private before the Independence and these were a failure in helping the Government’s objective on social welfare and planning.

Shortly it can be said that to “Improve credit facility“.

Due to that, the Union Government decided to Nationalize the 14 major commercial banks and were Nationalised on 19 July 1969.

Again the Union Government, Nationalized 6 commercial banks in 1980.

Objectives of Nationalization

The main objective is to attain social welfare. The small business sectors such as agriculture, small, and village industries need funds for their growth and for further economic development.

To curb the private monopolies and to ensure a supply of credit to social backward sections.

To encourage the rural people to have the banking habit, as nearly 70% of the population living in rural areas.

The nationalization of banks was an answer to reduce the regional imbalances, as now it can be expanded to all the areas of the country.

Earlier the number of banks was inadequate, but after the Nationalization, new branches were opened in both rural and urban areas.

14 Nationalised banks in 1969

Allahabad Bank, Bank of Baroda, Bank of India, Bank of Maharashtra, Central Bank of India, Canara Bank, Dena Bank, Indian Bank, Indian Overseas, Punjab National Bank, Syndicate Bank, UCO Bank, Union Bank, United Bank of India

Advantages of Nationalisation of Banks

To provide credit facilities to the priority sector and to reduce the regional imbalance.

To check monopoly in getting a loan and to keep the people’s money is technically safe with Nationalised banks.

Disadvantage

Low performance of banks. Again, monopoly of certain industries and people only getting loans due to their political influence. Also, there is bad Management and low recovery.

Problems faced by farmers in India

Problems faced by farmers in India are uncertainty in water supply, Lack of mechanization, small and fragmented land holdings, High cost of inputs, infertile soil, Agricultural marketing, lack of transport and storage facilities, etc.

Small and Fragmented Land Holding

Land fragmentation is a serious issue as it reduces agricultural productivity and decreases economic opportunities. Fragmented landholding is an issue since India got its independence. The arable land is decreasing with each generation due to inheritance law.

The land owned by the parent gets divided into fragments and given to his/her wards. Over time these land become economically unviable for farming purposes.

This issue is serious in densely populated areas. About 67% of operational land holding is marginal land which is less than one hectare. That is current only 0.2 hectares of land per person in rural is available.

The number of farms doubled from 70 million in 1970 to 145 million in 2015, as per the latest census. This gives us an inference that there is a greater number of people in shrinking land holdings. This leads to population pressure and underemployment.

The small and fragmented landholding is a serious issue in densely populated states such as UP, Bihar, West Bengal etc, where the average landholding is very low.

Having a very small landholding, usually produces very small that is just enough for the farmer and his family’s needs. To produce, an excess amount of product to sell to the market, the farmer has to invest in proper infrastructure.

Also, the return on investment to such farmers is very low and drives those farmers of small landholding into losses. Even if there is excess produce in that farmland, the farmer losses the profit due to middlemen and transportation.

High Cost of Inputs

Good quality HYV seed is costly, poor farmers cannot afford such seeds.

Infertile Soil

Thousand of years of agriculture made soil lose its fertility, resulting in low productivity.

Irrigation

Insufficient water is a serious problem. Irrigated land is only one-third and in order to make agriculture much more reliable, an irrigation facility needs to be developed.

Mechanization

Agriculture in most parts of the country follows trading methods, manual labor, etc. The usage of advanced tools is necessary.

The disadvantage of Mechanization is a lot of people depend on Manual labour agriculture work, so the effect of mechanization is job loss.

Soil Erosion

Large fertile land is lost through erosion caused by wind and water and such areas much be treated and restored to it fertile again.

Agricultural Marketing

Agricultural marketing is one of the critical problems faced by Indian farmers.

Local farmers need traders and middlemen to sell the products. This makes the loss of revenue to the farmers and fluctuation in prices makes things worse. Proper marketing is necessary to increase the profit.

Inadequate Storage Facilities

Farmers are forced to sell the products immediately after harvest due to inadequate or no storage facilities.

Lack of Transport

Cheap modes of transport such as railways are not available in most parts of the countries.

Scarcity of capital

Agriculture requires lots of capital, loans to buy seeds, machinery, and transport to market.

Intensive Farming

Continuous farming and high usage of chemical fertilizers and pesticides make the soil lose its fertility and the land becomes barren after some years.

Failure of Monsoons

The most important problem faced by Indian farmers is the failure of Monsoons. States like Tamil Nadu, lack water resources, and their drinking and agriculture fail if the monsoon failed.

The monsoon is an important factor in agriculture in India.

Lack of Irrigation

Due to improper irrigation facilities, farmers face storage of water for crops. This forces farmers to spend lakhs of rupees, to dug, bore wells, and tube well. This also exploits groundwater resources.

Irrigated crops require several tons of water to produce one ton of product. This actually creates loss to the farmer in the form of electricity charges.

Some states in India, provide free electricity. This is a relief to the farmers. But this causes exploitation of groundwater resources.

Solution Problems faced by farmers in India

References

1. https://www.businessworld.in/article/Land-Fragmentation-The-Core-Issue-In-Agriculture/16-12-2020-354418/

US human development index is 0.926.

US human development index State Wise

Rank in US	State	HDI as per 2018 data
1	Massachusetts	0.956
2	Connecticut	0.953
3	Minnesota	0.947
4	New Jersey	0.943
4	New Hampshire	0.943
5	District of Columbia	0.942
5	Colorado	0.942
5	New York	0.942
5	North Dakota	0.942
6	Hawaii	0.940
6	Washington	0.940
7	Alaska	0.937
8	Vermont	0.936
9	Maryland	0.935
10	Nebraska	0.934
11	Wyoming	0.932
12	Delaware	0.930
12	California	0.930
12	Utah	0.930
13	Oregon	0.929
13	Illinois	0.929
13	Virginia	0.929
13	South Dakota	0.929
14	Wisconsin	0.928
14	owa	0.928
15	Pennsylvania	0.922
15	Kansas	0.922
16	Rhode Island	0.920
17	Montana	0.917
18	Maine	0.914
19	Ohio	0.913
20	Michigan	0.912
21	Texas	0.909
21	Florida	0.909
22	Arizona	0.908
23	Idaho	0.907
24	Indiana	0.906
25	Missouri	0.905
25	North Carolina	0.905
26	Nevada	0.902
26	Georgia	0.902
27	New Mexico	0.900
28	Oklahoma	0.894
29	Tennessee	0.892
30	South Carolina	0.890
31	Louisiana	0.885
32	Kentucky	0.881
33	Arkansas	0.877
33	Alabama	0.877
34	West Virginia	0.872
35	Mississippi	0.863

Main objectives of planning commission of India

Increasing Production, Income and Employment Guarantee

The main objectives of the planning commission are to increase the production at the national level, and Per capital income. Also, it planned an employment guarantee.

The narrowing gap between Rich and Poor

The second objective is to minimize the gap between the rich and poor. The planning commission’s other main aim is to establish an egalitarian society.

India is known for Economic inequality, that is there is a wide gap between the rich and poor. Also, there are disparities in income, wealth, etc.

The planning commission had planned to give a broader role to the state in narrowing the gap between the rich and poor. This could be done in a rational way and address the issue related to income distribution. Thereby socio-economic justice and development could be achieved.

Resource Allocation

The Planning Commission has the job of allocating and assessing the resources of the country. This is very important, as these resources could be used for the future needs of the nation.

These resources are Capital, Human resources, Natural resource, etc. Planning resources allocation is the primary duty of the planning commission, as these resources could be used effectively and balanced manner in the future.

The Human and Natural resources are allocated by the planning commission among various sectors based on priorities. And also by needs, stages of progress.

Also, the resources are allocated to various Government programmes such as poverty alleviation, Industrial, agricultural development, etc.

Identifying the Factors that Hinders development

The Planning commission has an aim at finding the factors that are responsible for the poor state of development in-country. Also, everyone is different and it is difficult to identify the factors that affect the countries economy.

Since 1945, the UN (United Nations) has established a number of global obligations to address the economic and social well-being of common people.

The commission needs to identify the conditions and issues that would be a hindrance to the development. It had to examine the ways by which the plan could be effectively implemented in the prevailing conditions of the nation.

It also determined the stage-by-stage execution of the plan.The planning process had to be assessed periodically so that the right strategies could be used to implement the plans.

In the process, the planning commission had the function of advising the central and state government with regard to the appropriate strategies of planning.The commission also had to analyze particular issues and advice the government.

It was the role of the planning commission to determine the rate of growth of the economy specifying the targets of the plan period for every sector.

To include all the states in the planning process so that the Central government along with the State governments could identify developmental priorities and strategies.

This would foster cooperative federalism as the states would be a part of the planning process. To formulate credible plans at the village level and aggregate them progressively.

To ensure that the interests of national security are incorporated in economic strategy and necessary checks on indiscriminate tampering with ecology and environment policy and to check whether all sections of the population are benefitted from economic progress.

Long-term policy and programme frameworks to be designed and their progress would be monitored by the Aayog and innovative improvements would be made.

The partnership between key stakeholders, like-minded think tanks, educational and policy research institutions to be encouraged and knowledge, innovation and entrepreneurial support system to be created through a community of national and international experts, practitioners, and other partners.

The Commission also offers a platform for the resolution of inter-sectoral and inter-departmental issues so that the developmental programmes can be accelerated.

It maintains a state-of-art resource centre that will work for research on good governance and best practices in sustainable and equitable development.

It will monitor and evaluate the implementation of the programmes so that the needed resources could be identified.